Asynchronous Applications with SQLAlchemy 2.0 in PyNest
Introduction
This documentation introduces a new feature in PyNest that enables the creation of asynchronous applications using SQLAlchemy 2.0. This feature allows for efficient and scalable database operations in Python's asynchronous programming environment.
Requirements
- Python 3.9+
- PyNest (latest version)
- SQLAlchemy < 2.0
- async driver for your database (e.g. asyncpg for PostgreSQL, aiomysql for MySQL, or aiosqlite for SQLite)
Setting Up
Installation and Setup
Ensure you have the latest version of PyNest and SQLAlchemy 2.0 installed. You can install them using pip:
Note: you need to install the async driver for your database, for example, if you are using PostgreSQL, you need to install asyncpg:
Start with cli
Create a new project
this command will create a new project with the following structure:
├── app.py
├── main.py
|── requirements.txt
|── README.md
├── src
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── config.py
│ ├── app_module.py
├── |── app_controller.py
├── |── app_service.py
After creating the project, let's create a new module:
This will create a new module called examples in your application with the following structure under the src folder:
├── examples
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── examples_controller.py
│ ├── examples_service.py
│ ├── examples_model.py
│ ├── examples_entity.py
│ ├── examples_module.py
once you have created your app, this is the code that support the asynchronous feature:
config.py
from nest.core.database.orm_provider import AsyncOrmProvider
import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv
load_dotenv()
config = AsyncOrmProvider(
db_type="postgresql",
config_params=dict(
host=os.getenv("POSTGRESQL_HOST", "localhost"),
db_name=os.getenv("POSTGRESQL_DB_NAME", "default_nest_db"),
user=os.getenv("POSTGRESQL_USER", "postgres"),
password=os.getenv("POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD", "postgres"),
port=int(os.getenv("POSTGRESQL_PORT", 5432)),
)
)
Note: you can add any parameters that needed in order to configure the database connection.
app_service.py
from nest.core import Injectable
@Injectable
class AppService:
def __init__(self):
self.app_name = "MongoApp"
self.app_version = "1.0.0"
async def get_app_info(self):
return {"app_name": self.app_name, "app_version": self.app_version}
app_controller.py
from nest.core import Controller, Get
from .app_service import AppService
@Controller("/")
class AppController:
def __init__(self, service: AppService):
self.service = service
@Get("/")
async def get_app_info(self):
return await self.service.get_app_info()
Now we need to declare the App object and register the module in
app_module.py
from .config import config
from .example.example_module import ExampleModule
from .app_controller import AppController
from .app_service import AppService
from nest.core import Module, PyNestFactory
@Module(
imports=[ExampleModule],
controllers=[AppController],
providers=[AppService],
)
class AppModule:
pass
app = PyNestFactory.create(
AppModule,
description="This is my FastAPI app drive by Async ORM Engine",
title="My App",
version="1.0.0",
debug=True,
)
http_server = app.get_server()
@http_server.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
await config.create_all()
@Module(...): This is a decorator that defines a module. In PyNest, a module is a class annotated with a @Module() decorator.
The imports array includes the modules required by this module. In this case, ExampleModule is imported. The controllers and providers arrays are empty here, indicating this module doesn't directly provide any controllers or services.
PyNestFactory.create() is a command to create an instance of the application.
The AppModule is passed as an argument, which acts as the root module of the application.
Additional metadata like description, title, version, and debug flag are also provided
http_server: FastAPI = app.get_server(): Retrieves the HTTP server instance from the application.
Core Concepts
AsyncOrmProvider
AsyncOrmProvider is a key component in managing asynchronous database connections. It configures the connection pool and other parameters for efficient database access.
AsyncSession
AsyncSession from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio is used for executing asynchronous database operations. It is essential for leveraging the full capabilities of SQLAlchemy 2.0 in an async environment.
Implementing Async Features
Creating Entities
Define your models using SQLAlchemy's declarative base. For example, the Examples model:
from src.config import config
from sqlalchemy import Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
class Example(config.Base):
__tablename__ = "example"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, unique=True)
We are using the config object (which is the AsyncOrmProvider object) to initialize and create the tables. sqlalchemy 2.0 requires a bit different syntax to use the async session object. you can notice the "mapped_columns" function and the "Mapped" object that leverage the typing system of Python. rather than that, the syntax remains the same as older sync versions of sqlalchemy.
Creating Service
Implement services to handle business logic. There are two ways of creating service.
- In that way, the service does not init any parameter, and that each function that depends on the database is getting the async session from the controller
from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from nest.core.decorators import async_db_request_handler
from nest.core import Injectable
from .example_entity import Example as ExampleEntity
from .example_model import Example
@Injectable
class ExampleService:
@async_db_request_handler
async def add_example(self, example: Example, session: AsyncSession):
new_example = ExampleEntity(**example.dict())
session.add(new_example)
await session.commit()
return new_example.id
@async_db_request_handler
async def get_example(self, session: AsyncSession):
query = select(ExampleEntity)
result = await session.execute(query)
return result.scalars().all()
- In that way, the service init the async session in the constructor, and each function that depends on the database is using the session that was init in the constructor
from .examples_model import Examples
from .examples_entity import Examples as ExamplesEntity
from src.config import config
from nest.core.decorators.database import async_db_request_handler
from nest.core import Injectable
from sqlalchemy import select
@Injectable
class ExamplesService:
def __init__(self):
self.orm_config = config
self.session = self.orm_config.session
@async_db_request_handler
async def add_examples(self, examples: Examples):
examples_entity = ExamplesEntity(
**examples.dict()
)
async with self.session() as session:
session.add(examples_entity)
await session.commit()
return examples_entity.id
@async_db_request_handler
async def get_examples(self):
query = select(ExamplesEntity)
async with self.session() as session:
result = await session.execute(query)
return result.scalars().all()
create a controller to handle the requests and responses. The controller should call the service to execute business logic.
Here we have also two ways of creating the controller.
- In that way, the controller's functions are getting the async session from the config
from nest.core import Controller, Get, Post, Depends
from .examples_service import ExamplesService
from .examples_model import Examples
from src.config import config
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
@Controller("examples")
class ExamplesController:
def __init__(self, service: ExamplesService):
self.service = service
@Get("/")
async def get_examples(self, session: AsyncSession = Depends(config.get_db)):
return await self.service.get_examples(session)
@Post("/")
async def add_examples(self, examples: Examples, session: AsyncSession = Depends(config.get_db)):
return await self.service.add_examples(examples, session)
- In that way, the controller's functions not passing the async session object since the service init the async session in his constructor.
from nest.core import Controller, Get, Post
from .examples_service import ExamplesService
from .examples_model import Examples
@Controller("examples")
class ExamplesController:
def __init__(self, service: ExamplesService):
self.service = service
@Get("/")
async def get_examples(self):
return await self.service.get_examples()
@Post("/")
async def add_examples(self, examples: Examples):
return await self.service.add_examples(examples)
Hint: Keep in mind that there are no difference between the two methods, the only difference is the way of getting the async session object, and how to use it. Choose you favorite syntax and use it.
Creating Module
Create a module to register the controller and the service.
from nest.core import Module
from .example_service import ExampleService
from .example_controller import ExampleController
@Module(controllers=[ExampleController], providers=[ExampleService], imports=[])
class ExampleModule:
pass